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Select optimal steel beams (W-shape, S-shape, C-channel) for your structural design. Calculate moment capacity, shear capacity, deflection, and utilization ratio to ensure your beam meets all code requirements.
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Standard W-shape designation, properties, and weights:
| Designation | Depth (d) | Flange Width (bf) | Sx (in³) | Ix (in⁴) | Weight (lbs/ft) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| W8×21 | 8.06" | 5.27" | 18.7 | 75 | 21 |
| W8×28 | 8.06" | 6.54" | 24.3 | 98 | 28 |
| W10×26 | 10.33" | 5.75" | 27.9 | 144 | 26 |
| W10×39 | 10.16" | 7.79" | 41.1 | 209 | 39 |
| W12×26 | 12.22" | 6.49" | 33.4 | 204 | 26 |
| W12×40 | 11.94" | 8.01" | 51.4 | 307 | 40 |
| W14×38 | 14.10" | 6.77" | 54.6 | 385 | 38 |
| W14×53 | 13.92" | 8.06" | 77.8 | 541 | 53 |
| W16×31 | 15.88" | 5.53" | 47.2 | 375 | 31 |
| W16×40 | 16.01" | 7.00" | 64.7 | 518 | 40 |
Where w = distributed load (kips/ft), L = span (feet)
Use allowable bending stress = 0.66 × Fy for compact sections
Choose a beam from the W, S, or C-shape tables with Section Modulus ≥ required Sx
Verify deflection is less than allowable limit (L/240 for roofs, L/360 for floors)
W-shapes (Wide Flange) have wider flanges for better bending strength, S-shapes are structural beams with sloped flanges, and C-channels are open on one side. W-shapes are most common for structural applications due to superior strength-to-weight ratio.
While a beam may be strong enough not to break, excessive deflection causes cosmetic and functional problems: cracked drywall, sticking doors, sloped floors, and vibration issues. Deflection limits ensure serviceability and safety.
A36 has a yield strength of 36 ksi, while A992 has 50 ksi. A992 is stronger and allows for lighter, more economical beam selections. A992 is the modern standard; A36 is rarely used now except for compatibility with existing structures.
Full lateral support (like continuous decking) allows use of full allowable stress. Partial support requires reduced allowable stresses and consideration of unbraced length. The unbraced length affects lateral-torsional buckling resistance, especially for longer spans.
The utilization ratio is the percentage of the beam's capacity being used. A ratio of 85% means you're using 85% of the beam's strength. Ratios above 100% indicate inadequate capacity. Most designers target 70-90% utilization for optimal efficiency.
In most commercial buildings, yes. Steel loses strength at elevated temperatures (above 1000°F). Fireproofing methods include spray-applied mineral fiber, intumescent coatings, or concrete encasement. Requirements depend on occupancy type and local building codes.
Steel beams are typically supported on bearing plates that distribute loads to concrete. The bearing plate is bolted or welded to the beam and embedded in the concrete. A typical detail includes a leveling plate, bearing plate, anchor bolts, and shims for proper elevation.
Composite beams combine a steel beam with a concrete slab, using shear connectors (studs) to act together. This increases capacity significantly compared to the steel beam alone. Composite design is common in building construction for greater efficiency and economy.
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